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Sekilas spermatophyta ~ ciri dan jenisnya

Sekilas spermatophyta ~ ciri dan jenisnya - Spermatophyta berasal dari bahasa Yunani, yaitu sperma yang berarti biji dan phyta yang berarti tumbuhan. Spermatophyta merupakan istilah untuk tumbuhan berbiji. Disebut tumbuhan berbiji karena jenis-jenis tumbuhan yang termasuk dalam kategori tumbuhan berbiji dapat menghasilkan biji.Tumbuhan berbiji termasuk Kormophyta karena memiliki akar, batang dan daun sejati, serta menghasilkan bunga sehingga disebut Anthophyta.

Tumbuhan berbiji termasuk jenis tumbuhan autotrof atau dapat menghasilkan makanan sendiri karena dalam tubuhnya memiliki plastida yang mengandung klorofil a dan klorofil b.

Ciri-ciri Spermatophyta :
  1. Autotrof
  2. Merupakan organisme bersel banyak (multiseluler)
  3. Memiliki berkas pengangkutan xylem dan floem.  Xylem bertugas mengangkut air dan mineral dari dalam tanah, sedangkan floem bertugas mengangkut zat-zat makanan hasil fotosintesis dari daun ke seluruh tubuh.
Spermatophyta terdiri dari Angiospermae (tumbuhan berbiji tertutup) dan Gymnospermae (tumbuhan berbiji terbuka).

Angiospermae 

Disebut tumbuhan berbiji tertutup karena bakal bijinya diselubungi/ tertutup oleh daging buah.
Ciri-ciri Angiospermae : 
  1. Memiliki alat reproduksi berupa bunga sempurna, karena terdiri dari benangsari, putik, bakal buah, bakal biji, mahkota, kelopak, tangkai.
  2. Reproduksi generatif mengalami dua kali pembuahan (pembuahan ganda) yang menghasilkan   zygot dan endosperm. Zygot : pembuahan inti generatif/ sperma dengan ovum. Endosperm : pembuahan inti generatif/ sperma dengan inti kandung lembaga sekunder.
Angiospermae debedakan menjadi 2 kelas yaitu :
  1. Kelas Monocotiledoneae (biji berkeping satu) : memiliki kotiledon tunggal, batang tidak           bercabang/ bercabang sedikit, tidak memiliki kambium, berkas pengangkutan tersebar, tipe kolateral tertutup, tulang daun melengkung/ sejajar, berakar serabut, bunga memiliki bagian-bagian kelipatan 3 dengan bentuk yang tidak beraturan, dan warna tidak mencolok. Contoh tumbuhan jenis Monocotiledoneae : bawang merah, bawang putih, kelapa, kurma, padi, jagung, rumpuit, bambu, dan lain-lain.
  2. Kelas Dicotiledoneae (biji berkeping dua) : memiliki kotiledon ganda, batang bercabang, memiliki kambium, berkas pengangkutan tersusun teratur, tipe kolateral terbuka, tulang daun menyirip/ menjari, memiliki akar tunggang, bunga memiliki bagian-bagian dengan kelipatan 4 atau 5, bentuk beraturan dan warna mencolok. Yang termasuk tumbuhan Dicotiledeoneae : bunga mawar, asam, kapas, talas, kentang, cabe, tomat dan sebagainya.

Gmynospermae

Disebut tumbuhan berbiji terbuka karena biji tidak tertutup oleh daging buah. Tumbuhan ini berupa semak, perdu atau pohon.
Ciri-ciri Gmynospermae :
  1. Belum memiliki bunga sesungguhnya
  2. Reproduksi generatif mengalami saku kali pembuahan menghasilkan zygot.
 Gmymnospermae dikelompokkan menjadi :
  • Cycadophyta : batang tidak bercabang, daun tunggal berhadapan, bunga berkelamin tunggal
  • Pinophyta : alat reproduksi berupa strobilus dan berbentuk jarum
  • Gnetophyta : batang memiliki cabang, daun tunggal berhadapan, bunga berkelamin tunggal
  • Ginkophyta : tunas pendek, daun berbentuk kipas dan bertangkai.

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